TRP家族与光感受 从疼痛到温度觉的解密,TRP家族快速地填充我们对感受的认知。让我们将时间轴拉回20世纪60年代,当时的科学家们运用多种诱变方法处理果蝇,希望能在不同的诱变型中有新的科学发现,而TRP就是其中之一。 1969年,科曾斯(Cosens)和曼宁(Manning)发现一种有着异常趋光性和视网膜电位的突变果蝇品系[18],猜想该突变基因可能表达了一种光受体。1975年,随着电生理技术的进步,威廉·帕克(William Pak)实验室终于获得该突变体与野生型果蝇在单个光感受细胞上的电位差异,以及突变体对光反应是瞬时的电位变化特征,于是首次将该突变体命名为瞬时受体电位(TRP)[19]。自此,TRP通道在光感受上的作用成了新的科学问题。 图三:TRP家族对特定的刺激响应 2000年以后,随着TRPV1和TRPA1受体研究的增多,最新发现TRPV1和TRPA1受体对紫外线有响应[20]。紫外线和蓝光可产生单态氧,而单态氧又起到TRPA1和TRPV1激动剂的作用,增强其对光敏感性[21]。这一发现对于那些暴露于阳光下,有着异常疼痛与灼烧感的皮肤卟啉症患者,以及在接受光动力疗法治疗的癌症患者极其重要[20],[22]。
结语 至此,我们已从辣椒素受体的发现开始,逐步了解了离子通道受体在痛觉、温度觉以及光感受中的神奇作用,见识到了TRP这个宝藏家族的多元技能。芥末葱姜蒜、寒热温凉痛,电压机械力,无不与其相关。 当然,TRP蛋白家族在生命活动中的功能并不局限于此,既不能认为所有的TRP通道都是感觉受体,也不能认为所有的感觉受体都是TRP通道[23]。在TRP家族之外,帕塔博蒂安发现的Piezo蛋白家族与躯体压力感受间的关联,也是一个极其宏大的科学问题,可从触觉、听觉、本体感受等维度解释我们对这个世界的机械感知[24]。而这,就是另一篇故事了。(神经现实)
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